Role of lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis of osteopenia in adult coeliac disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Coeliac disease is frequently complicated by alterations of bone mass and mineral metabolism. In this condition the degree of malabsorption is a major determinant of bone loss. However, the role of lifestyle factors such as exposure to sunlight, physical activity and cigarette smoking, which have been demonstrated to influence bone mass and mineral metabolism in other conditions, has never been investigated in coeliac disease. DESIGN: We evaluated the impact of potential co-factors on bone homeostasis in coeliac disease by means of a multivariate analysis model. METHODS: Thirty-nine adult patients with untreated coeliac disease (18 symptomatic, 21 subclinical/silent) were studied. Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar spine and femoral neck levels. Age at diagnosis, gender, duration of symptoms and severity of symptoms were recorded. Nutritional status, cigarette smoking habit, exposure to sunlight, and physical activity were evaluated. The impact of each independent variable on lumbar and femoral bone mineral density was evaluated by means of a multivariate analysis model. RESULTS: The severity of symptoms and nutritional status were significant sources of variability of both lumbar and femoral bone mineral density. Physical activity was a significant source of variability at femoral level, while gender was at lumbar level. Cigarette smoking habit and exposure to sunlight showed no significant effect on bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS: Gender, malnutrition, global severity of the disease and physical activity are important co-factors in the pathogenesis of bone loss in coeliac disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".