Erythropoietin is equally effective as fresh-blood transfusion at reducing infarct size in anemic rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We recently demonstrated that transfusion of anemic animals up to 100 g/L hemoglobin with fresh blood protects the heart from ischemic injuries following myocardial infarction. Erythropoietin has cardioprotective effects independent of its erythropoietic activity. The objective of this study was to compare the cardioprotective effects of erythropoietin treatment to fresh-blood transfusion in anemic rats after acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN: Randomized animal study. SETTING: University laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-300 g. INTERVENTION: Myocardial infarction was induced by coronary artery ligation in 76 rats, 55 of which were anemic (80-90 g/L) and 21 of which had normal hemoglobin levels. Animals were randomized to erythropoietin (2000 units/kg), fresh-blood transfusion to 100 g/L hemoglobin, or saline-treatment groups immediately following myocardial infarction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At 24 hrs after myocardial infarction, cardiac function and infarct size were determined. Myocardial apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Infarct size was significantly decreased in anemic rats treated with erythropoietin or blood transfusion compared to those in the saline-treatment group. Cardiac function, as measured by maximal positive and minimal negative first derivatives of left ventricular pressure, was better preserved in the normal hemoglobin groups and the erythropoietin- or transfusion-treated anemic animals compared to saline-treated anemic animals. Myocardial caspase-3 activity and TUNEL-positive nuclei were significantly increased in anemic rats but were decreased by erythropoietin treatment or red blood cell transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Erythropoietin treatment is equally effective as fresh-blood transfusion in anemic rats after acute myocardial infarction at reducing infarct size, myocardial apoptosis, and improving cardiac function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".