Core/Shell Formation of Gold Nanoparticles Induced on Exposure to <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylformamide: Chemical and Morphological Changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Au nanoparticles, ∼15 nm in diameter, were deposited onto both Au and Si substrates and were exposed to droplets of N, N -dimethyl formamide (DMF), which were permitted to dry (∼24 h). When drying was complete, nanoparticle coalescence was found to have occurred in both cases, giving nanoparticles ranging from tens to hundreds of nm in diameter. DMF drying on the Au substrate surface was seen to have occurred by contact line pinning/depinning, to give concentric drying rings, whose edges contained coalesced nanoparticles. No such drying rings were seen for Au nanoparticles after DMF drying on the Si substrate; instead, coalesced Au nanoparticles were found to be uniformly distributed. All Au surfaces, both substrate and nanoparticle, were found to have been covered with a ∼3 nm C,O-containing shell, which formed through the reaction of DMF with Au in the presence of air; the heat produced by this reaction aided the coalescence process, resulting in the larger nanoparticle sizes. The shell was not wet by DMF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".