Stratification in Isothermal Ice-Slurry Pipe Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A single-phase 3D model for isothermal laminar and turbulent flow of an ice slurry in a horizontal pipe is used to investigate the effects of the uniform inlet velocity and ice concentration on their axial evolution. The slurry is modeled as a Newtonian fluid with effective local properties depending on the local ice concentration. Despite the relative simplicity of this model (compared to the two-phase models used elsewhere) its numerical solution gives results which correctly reflect experimental observations. Specifically, these results show that as the fluid moves downstream the ice concentration increases in the upper part of the pipe and it decreases in the lower part. The velocity profile is principally influenced by the boundary layer growth close to the inlet but further downstream it becomes asymmetrical with respect to the horizontal symmetry plane with higher velocities in the lower part of the pipe. The differences between the values in the upper and lower parts of the pipe are much more important in the case of laminar flow. The results are analyzed by considering the phenomena influencing the ice particle movement (buoyancy and diffusion) and the relation between ice concentration and the thermophysical properties of the slurry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".