Atmospheric moisture budget in the Arctic based on the ERA‐40 reanalysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The atmospheric moisture budget in the Arctic in 1979–2001 was analysed on the basis of the ERA‐40 reanalysis. Zonal variations in the profiles of specific humidity mainly occur at altitudes below 5 km. The moisture transport peaks at altitudes lower than previously suggested; the median peak level of meridional moisture flux (MMF) across 70°N is in winter at 930 hPa pressure level and in other seasons at 970–990 hPa level. Mean precipitable water for the polar cap (70–90°N) ranges from 2.4 mm in winter to 12.3 mm in summer. Transient eddies (TE) are responsible for most of the water vapour transport across 70°N by providing from 81% of MMF in winter to 92% of MMF in summer. The contribution by stationary eddies (SE) ranges from 5 to 9%, whereas the contribution of mean meridional circulation (MMC) ranges from 1% in summer to 12% in winter. Relative inter‐annual variation in MMF components is highest for SE (standard deviation/mean = 133%), second highest for the MMC (61%) and smallest for TE (4%). The MMF across 70°N accounts for 59% of the annual precipitation. Averaged for the polar cap, the mean annual moisture flux convergence (192 mm) and net precipitation (179 mm) are close to each other, but local differences exceeding 200 mm occur at several places. Over the open ocean, the moisture flux convergence is considered more reliable. The Arctic Oscillation (AO) index correlates with MMF in spring and winter (correlation coefficient r = 0.75) and with net precipitation in spring ( r = 0.61) and winter ( r = 0.50). The AO and precipitable water correlate in Canada and Greenland in winter and spring ( r = − 0.7) and in Europe in winter ( r = 0.8). Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".