NON-PARTICIPATION BIAS IN HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH USING DATA FROM AN INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC PRESCRIBING PROJECT: THE ROLE OF INFORMED CONSENT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electronic prescribing potentially reduces adverse outcomes and provides critical information for drug safety research but studies may be distorted by non-participation bias.52,507 patients and 28 physicians were evaluated to determine characteristics associated with consent status in an electronic prescribing project.Physicians with less technology proficiency, seeing more patients, and having patients with higher fragmentation of care were less likely to obtain consent.Older patients with complex health status, higher income, and more visits to the study physician were more likely to consent.These systematic differences could result in significant non-participation bias for research conducted only with consenting patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.706 | 0.800 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".