Geomorphological evidence towards a de‐glacial control on volcanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A number of theoretical, conceptual and numerical models exist for de‐glacial controls on volcanism, but geological evidence is scarce. We describe and explain a regional topographic and geomorphic expression of sub‐glacial volcanism, namely that at Kverkfjöll, Iceland. This area comprises a series of parallel sub‐glacially‐erupted volcanic edifices, which together give excellent 3D geological exposure. These ridges are orientated north‐south or along the most probable line of LGM ice margin retreat. We combine topographic and geomorphic observations to explain the changing style of volcanism in space, and attribute this to the recession and downwasting of the LGM ice sheet. Specifically, we observe that there is no spatial pattern to pillow lava edifice heights or volumes, indicating that fissure eruptions beneath the LGM ice sheet were of similar dynamics in space. However, hyaloclastite and hyalotuff deposits are restricted to proximal and high elevation positions. Furthermore, lithofacies are split by erosional contacts and hyalotuffs are faulted and intruded. These observations together suggest that as the overlying ice sheet became thinner volcanic activity became more explosive. Volcanic activity also appears to have ‘retreated’ towards the Kverkfjöll central volcano. Glacial outburst floods or ‘jökulhlaups’ were prevalent during de‐glaciation, partly because sub‐glacial meltwater could not be impounded due to the high gradient bedrock topography. For northern Iceland, our proposed sequence of landscape development suggests two major glacial advances during the Holocene, at least one of which at Kverkfjöll probably coincided with volcanic activity and a jökulhlaup. Future work should look to establish an absolute dating control and/or chronology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".