4‐HPR modulates gene expression in ovarian cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a high rate of recurrence and subsequent mortality following chemotherapy despite intense efforts to improve treatment outcomes. Recent trials have suggested that retinoids, especially 4-(N-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), play an important role as a chemopreventive agent and are currently being used in clinical trials for ovarian cancer chemoprevention as well as treatment. This study examines the mechanism of its activity in premalignant and cancer cells. We investigated the modulation of gene expression by 4-HPR in immortalized ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) cells and ovarian cancer (OVCA433) cells with DNA microarray. Real time RT-PCR and western blotting were used to confirm the microarray results and metabolic changes were examined with optical fluorescence spectroscopy. 4-HPR resulted in an up-regulation of expression of proapoptotic genes and mitochondrial uncoupling protein in OVCA433 cells and modulation of the RXR receptors in IOSE cells, and down-regulation of mutant BRCA genes in both IOSE and OVCA433 cells. 4-HPR had a larger effect on the redox in the 433 cells compared to IOSE. These findings suggest that 4-HPR acts through different mechanisms in premalignant ovarian surface cells and cancer cells, with a preventive effect in premalignant cells and a treatment effect in cancer cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".