Minor Problems: The Recognition of Young Athletes in the Development of International Anti-Doping Policies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the role of young athletes in the development of the anti-doping movement in sport. In the law and ethics literature, children are considered a vulnerable population in need of special consideration and protection. Yet historically they have not always been treated as such, and in sport many rules apply universally to all competitors regardless of the participants' ages. This article provides a historical examination of drug testing policies created by the International Olympic Committee and World Anti-Doping Agency as they relate to minors as a means to uncover the ways in which anti-doping organisations have included age as a variable warranting special consideration. Challenges to anti-doping sanctions based on athletes' ages demonstrate that sport organisations, including the Court of Arbitration for Sport, have not placed much emphasis on the protected status of child athletes. This article situates children and youth in the history of drug testing policies and demonstrates how the unique rights of child athletes have been both managed and neglected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".