<i>Bacillus Thuringiensis</i> Fermentation of Primary and Mixed Sludge: Rheology and Process Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bench scale fermentation of primary, mixed, and secondary (raw and hydrolyzed) sludge and starch industry wastewater was carried out using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki HD-1 to test their feasibility as potential growth substrates on the basis of rheology and process performance in comparison to soyameal (semisynthetic) commercial medium. All fermented media exhibited pseudoplastic pattern, followed power law for viscosity with greater shear thinning for primary sludge (raw and hydrolyzed). Improved rheology correlated well with the fermented broth morphology. The total cell and viable spore counts, oxygen consumption, maximum specific growth rate (μmax), and entomotoxicity were, respectively, 2, 4, 1.5–2, and 3 folds lower in primary sludge in contrast to mixed sludge, rendering primary sludge unsuitable as raw material for Bt fermentation and eventual formulation. Further, the rheology studies of secondary sludge and starch industry wastewater proved them to be good Bt fermentation alternatives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".