Topographic Arrangement of S-cone Photoreceptors in the Retina of the Diurnal Nile Grass Rat (<i>Arvicanthis niloticus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The retina of Arvicanthis niloticus, a diurnal murine rodent closely related to Rattus (rats) and Mus (mice), contains approximately 30% to 35% cones and has several cone-driven functional characteristics found in humans. In this study the organization of these cone photoreceptors was examined, with emphasis on those expressing the S-opsin photopigment (S-cones). METHODS: Cones were labeled with antibodies against M- and S-opsins. Their topographic arrangement was examined on images of retinal flatmounts using density measures, nearest-neighbor distance, and Voronoi domain analysis. Partial sequencing of the S-opsin DNA was also performed to determine whether this visual pigment was blue/violet or UV sensitive. RESULTS: Cone photoreceptors (estimated total population approximately 1.450 million) came in two distinct types that express either M/L- or S-opsin. Both types were present across the retinal surface. S-cones (approximately 7-8% of the total cone population) achieved a higher density in a discrete temporodorsal sector of the retina. The S-cone mosaic was irregular. Finally, S-cones were likely to be UV sensitive, according to genetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The topographic arrangement of cone photoreceptors in the retina of the diurnal Nile grass rat A. niloticus represents a highly pertinent model to improve understanding of the pathologic course of and related therapy for retinal disease involving cones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".