EXTREME WEATHER AND WATERBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN CANADA, 1974–2000
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent large outbreaks of E.coli O157:H7, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from contaminated public water supplies in Canada have provoked considerable concern about the safety of the water supply. Many complex eco-social interactions lead to waterborne disease outbreaks; however in several Canadian cases there is evidence that weather has been influential. We investigated the potential link between extreme weather events and recorded outbreaks of disease linked to water supply systems in Canada between 1974 and 2000. A case-crossover design was used to quantify the association between he occurrence of an extreme weather event (including heavy rain, sudden thaw, drought) prior to the beginning of an outbreak of waterborne illness. Water source, type of water supply, geographical and geological factors, season and demographics were factors in the analysis. The results of the analysis shed light on vulnerabilities in Canada to impacts of extreme weather on the water supply, and have implications for adaptation to changes in past climate regimes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".