Karst-related outliers of the Cretaceous Chaswood Formation of Maritime Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Lower Cretaceous Chaswood Formation is a terrestrial deposit preserved as scattered outcrops across Maritime Canada. Here we describe newly recognized outliers of the Chaswood Formation near Windsor, Nova Scotia. A Cretaceous age is confirmed only in Bailey Quarry, where sediments are provisionally assigned a Valanginian–Hauterivian (140–130 Ma) age based on palynology, making them among the oldest known deposits of the Chaswood Formation. At three nearby sites, putative Cretaceous sediments are recognized based on similar geological context, facies, and petrography; however, their age cannot be confirmed because sediments either lack palynomorphs or contain equivocal assemblages. Although the Chaswood Formation has been previously documented mainly in small tectonically generated basins, these new-found deposits are fluvial sands and gravels, and lacustrine or floodplain clays associated with a karstified gypsum surface developed on the Carboniferous Windsor Group. Deposits are preserved in karst valleys, sinkholes, and fissures, locally up to 36 m below the paleosurface. Although occupying a karstic setting, sediments were evidently deposited in a through-flowing drainage system because they are quartz-rich and show petrographic similarity to basinal deposits elsewhere. Abundant plant material, including lignite, charcoal, cuticles, and palynomorphs, implies that the surrounding landscape was covered by fire-prone forests of conifers, ginkgos, bennettites, cycads, ferns, and lycopods — typical pre-angiosperm Mesozoic vegetation. Analysis of growth patterns in fossil woods, combined with lithological indicators, suggest a humid, tropical climate, punctuated by aperiodic droughts that may have been accentuated under a karstic hydrological regime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".