Propagation speeds of strongly nonlinear near-surface internal waves in the Strait of Georgia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[1] A novel aerial observational method for studying internal features in the coastal ocean is developed and tested in a study of large nonlinear internal solitary-like waves. Photogrammetrically rectified oblique photo images from a circling aircraft are used to track a number of internal wave packets for periods of up to one hour in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Combining these sequences with coincident water column data allows us to obtain a more complete view of the spatial structure of internal waves. Highly accurate measurements of wave propagation speeds and directions are possible. The applicability of various weakly nonlinear theories in modeling propagation of the observed large-amplitude waves is tested. The measured wave speeds enable us to differentiate between classic internal wave models. The linear, KdV (Korteweg-de Vries), and BO (Benjamin-Ono) models are applied with and without background shear. After background shear effects are included, it is found that a continuously stratified BO equation can predict propagation speeds within observational error, and that this is not true for other theories. The technique may be useful in future studies of oblique internal wave interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".