The Globular Cluster System of M60 (NGC 4649). I. Canada‐France‐Hawaii Telescope MOS Spectroscopy and Database
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present radial velocity measurements for globular clusters in M60, a giant elliptical galaxy in the Virgo Cluster. Target globular cluster candidates were selected using Washington photometry based on deep 16 ' × 16 ' images taken at the KPNO 4 m telescope and using VI photometry derived from Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 archival images. The spectra of the target objects were obtained with the Multi-Object Spectrograph at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. We have measured the radial velocities of 111 objects in the field of M60: 93 globular clusters (72 blue globular clusters with 1.0 ≤ C – T 1 < 1.7, and 21 red globular clusters with 1.7 ≤ C – T 1 < 2.4), 11 foreground stars, six small galaxies, and the nucleus of M60. The measured velocities of the 93 globular clusters range from ~500 to ~1600 km s −1 , with a mean value of 1070 + 27 −25 km s −1 , which is in good agreement with the velocity of the nucleus of M60 ( v gal = 1056 km s −1 ). Combining our results with data from the literature, we present a master catalog of radial velocities for 121 globular clusters in M60. The velocity dispersion of the clusters in the master catalog is found to be 234 + 13 −14 km s −1 for the entire sample, 223 + 13 −16 km s −1 for 83 blue globular clusters, and 258 + 21 −31 km s −1 for 38 red globular clusters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".