Splinting and hand exercise for three common hand deformities in rheumatoid arthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hand deformities (ulnar drift, swan neck and boutonniere) are prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis and develop early in the disease process. These deformities cause significant functional impairment and impact quality of life. This review will provide a clinical perspective using the most recent evidence regarding the role of splinting and hand exercise in their management. The pathomechanics and functional consequences of these deformities are also described. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients tend to under-report their hand problems and are often reluctant to seek treatment for their deformities. There is limited evidence to support or refute the role of splinting and hand exercises in their management. Clinical experience suggests splinting and hand exercise are most beneficial when prescribed for early, flexible deformities. SUMMARY: More research is required to guide clinicians on the most effective approach to the management of these three hand deformities. It is imperative that clinicians assess for and recognize these deformities in order to ensure timely and appropriate treatment. Until more evidence becomes available, an evidenced-informed approach is recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".