The Mass Image: A Social History of Photomechanical Reproduction in Victorian London , and: The Haunted Gallery: Painting, Photography, Film c. 1900 (review)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reviewed by: The Mass Image: A Social History of Photomechanical Reproduction in Victorian London, and: The Haunted Gallery: Painting, Photography, Film c. 1900 Dennis Denisoff (bio) The Mass Image: A Social History of Photomechanical Reproduction in Victorian London by Gerry Beegan; pp. 302. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008. $101.00 The Haunted Gallery: Painting, Photography, Film c. 1900 by Lynda Nead; pp. 291. New Haven: Yale UP, 2007. $47.50 Neither Gerry Beegan's Mass Image nor Lynda Nead's Haunted Gallery puts Ally Sloper under the microscope, but their latest scholarship has convinced me that he is the quintessential embodiment of Victorian society's developments in visual technology, media, and culture. As many Victorianists know, Ally became the first popular hero of the comic strip, the star of the first British cartoon, Ally Sloper's Half Holiday, and possibly the first cartoon character in film, with record of him appearing in an 1898 production. His image was found not only in periodicals but also in street and stage performances and on a range of objects, including tie pins, door stops, and relish bottles. The "incorrigible, drunken cockney antihero" (Beegan 44) was even more invested in visual culture than this, for without the developments Beegan and Nead explore, he would probably not have been created, let alone become such a prominent figure of the era. As it is, thanks to new visual technologies and media projecting his presence into the mainstream, some Victorians even assumed Ally was an actual person. This perceptual slippage regarding the real, the simulated, and the represented proves central not only to Ally as an embodiment of late-Victorian visuality but also to Beegan's and Nead's most innovative claims regarding visual technology and urban society's changing self-perceptions. Beegan's The Mass Image builds on the scholarship of Jennifer Green-Lewis and Benedict Anderson to argue that a new Victorian public arose from the mass consumption and comprehension of information made possible by the industrialization and mechanization of visual reproduction. Considering the photomechanically illustrated magazine (as opposed to the book or newspaper), Beegan asks himself: "What does it mean ... when tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of people could see the same image at the same time, particularly when this image was combined with text? What modes of reading and what types of public were made possible by the new illustrated periodicals?" (2). What was distinctly modern about this community, Beegan argues, is precisely the fact that it formed through the collective consumption of mass-published visual and verbal materials, and The Mass Image explores the role of photomechanical reproduction in fostering this sense of cohesion among individuals spread out across a vast, national space. Beegan's highly knowledgeable discussion of nineteenth-century graphic arts, design, and reproduction technology frequently proves crucial to the insights arising from this informative study. [End Page 253] The study's first and second chapters establish a theoretical framework for Beegan's notion of late-Victorian society as distinctly modern, with particular consideration of the diverse periodicals that helped members of the middle class imagine and fashion themselves as part of a "fluid, exciting, and unsettling visual environment" (26). With the third chapter, the book shifts to the subject of photomechanically illustrated magazines—an area of knowledge in which Beegan excels. The chapter focuses specifically on wood engraving, a fundamental form of visual illustration in the periodical industry during the mid-Victorian period. In this chapter and the next, Beegan narrates the industry's transition of the practice from what was a notably creative process to what was far more an assembly-line endeavour that took into account the capabilities of photographic technology. John Ruskin, of course, challenged these developments, but, as Beegan notes, with artists such as John Everett Millais and Frederick Sandys producing images for magazines, others recognized this period as a golden age for illustration. Especially enlightening in chapters 3 and 4 are Beegan's explanations of technical innovations that saw past processes broken up, while photomechanical innovations allowed other tasks to be fused together. Beegan also explores readers' growing desires for engraved reproductions to echo photographs, leading to the fusion of "the apparent actuality...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".