Effects of experimental otter trawling on the macrofauna of a sandy bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 3-year otter trawling experiment was conducted on a deepwater (120146 m) sandy bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland that had not experienced trawling for at least 12 years. The benthic macrofauna were sampled before and after trawling and in reference areas. The 200 grab samples collected contained 246 taxa, primarily polychaetes, crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs. Biomass was dominated by propeller clams (Cyrtodaria siliqua) and sand dollars (Echinarachnius parma), while abundance was dominated by the polychaete Prionospio steenstrupi and the mollusc Macoma calcarea. The most prominent feature of the data was a natural decline in the total number of species, the total abundance, and the abundance and biomass of selected species between 1993 and 1995. The only immediate effect of trawling was seen in 1994 when the abundance of 13 species, the biomass of 11 species (mostly polychaetes), and the total abundance per grab were significantly lower. There was little evidence of long-term trawling effects. When trawling disturbance was indicated, it appeared to mimic natural disturbance, shifting the community in the same direction in multidimensional scaling ordination; no distinctive trawling signature was observed. However, the results of this experiment should not be uncritically extrapolated to the impacts of commercial trawling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".