Calcium oxalate crystal macropattern development during <i>Prunus virginiana</i> (Rosaceae) leaf growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this first study of foliar crystal macropattern initiation and development, primordia to just-shed bud scales, stipules, and leaves were bleached, cleared, and viewed microscopically. Apical clusters of prismatics appear first in the 0.1-mm stipule; crystals proliferate basipetally as stipules elongate. Apical prismatics appear next in a 0.5-mm leaf; they remain isolated until tiny prismatics appear in scattered palisade cells throughout the lamina of a 1.0- to 1.5-cm leaf. Meanwhile, druses proliferate from stem through elongating petioles, reaching the base of 2- to 4-cm leaves. Lamina prismatics enlarge, and new ones appear. In the midvein, short files of tiny druses reach the apex of the 4- to 5-cm leaf, and files of druses extend into lower main lateral veins. In 9- to 11-cm (full-grown) mid-May leaves, lamina prismatics are numerous and conspicuous, but small druses have extended into smaller veins. Until leaf shedding, some lamina prismatics continue to enlarge, new ones form, and others become surrounded by tiny pris matics. Druses gradually occupy all vein orders, and many in the smallest veins become quite large with conspicuous cores. The mature crystal macropattern shows druses confined to stem, petiole, and leaf veins, whereas prismatics are localized in stipules, bud scales, and leaf lamina.Key words: calcium oxalate, crystal macropattern, druse, leaves, prismatics, Prunus, Rosaceae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".