TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelium Is Regulated by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt through the Short Form of Cellular FLIP and Bcl-2
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells plays a central role in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of endothelial apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). It examines downstream regulation and activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS: By flow cytometry, TRAIL receptors 2 and 3 were present to a greater extent than receptors 1 and 4. TRAIL reduced cell numbers in combination with the PI3K inhibitor LY 294002. TRAIL (100 ng/ml) with LY 294002 (20 micromol/l) activated the extrinsic pathway, causing progressive cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Activation of the intrinsic pathway proceeded by release of mitochondrial factors Smac/DIABLO and cytochrome c, and caspase-9 cleavage. LY 294002 reduced phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), with early loss of the short form of cellular FLIP (c-FLIP(S)) and concurrent reduction of Bcl-2. Treatment with small interfering RNA against PI3K also reduced c-FLIP(S) and Bcl-2, and cotreatment with TRAIL triggered caspase-3 cleavage. CONCLUSIONS: This study details the molecular regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vascular endothelium. Inhibition of PI3K reduces p-Akt, with concurrent reductions in c-FLIP(S) and Bcl-2, and so renders endothelium sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it