Hylid Tadpoles from the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola: Ontogeny, Description and Comparison of External Morphology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) is home to four endemic species of treefrogs: Hypsiboas heilprini, Osteopilus dominicensis, O. pulchrilineatus and O. vastus. These species occur sympatrically over large areas below 1,850 m elevation and are commonly encountered together. We redescribe the external larval morphology of O. dominicensis, O. vastus, and Hybsiboas heilprini, and describe the tadpole of O. pulchrilineatus for the first time based on laboratory-reared specimens representing stages from early—late metamorphosis. Some tadpoles were raised to adults in order to confirm species identity. We document intraspecific variation in labial tooth-rows formulas, report ontogenetic changes in coloration, compare tadpoles of related species, and provide an identification key to the hylid tadpoles of Hispaniola. Hispaniolan hylid tadpoles inhabit fast-running streams or pools. Whereas the lotic larvae of O. vastus and H. heilprini exhibit characteristics commonly associated with flowing water (robust body with strong tail musculature, small to medium fins, relatively enlarged oral disc, increased number of labial tooth rows, and complete marginal papillae), the lentic tadpoles of O. dominicensis and O. pulchrilineatus are characterized by morphological adaptations to ponds (medium-sized body and tail musculature, high fins, small oral disc, fewer number of labial tooth rows and incomplete marginal papillae). Consequently, the tadpole of O. vastus is more similar to that of H. heilprini than it is to its congeners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".