Testing and Analysis of Steel Pipes under Bending, Tension, and Internal Pressure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports a full-scale experimental program consisting of six pipe specimens made of X65 material (specified minimum yield strength=448MPa ) with 508mm outer diameter, and a diameter-to-thickness ratio (D∕t) of 81.2 subjected to combinations of bending, axial tension, and internal pressure. The study is aimed at determining whether the pipes are able to attain their modified plastic moment as predicted by analytically derived plastic interaction relations. The moment versus curvature relations, peak moment values, and local buckling behavior of the specimens as obtained from the experiments are documented. The peak moments obtained are compared to the analytically predicted moments. A nonlinear shell finite-element model is also developed using the finite-element analysis (FEA) simulator ABAQUS in order to predict the moment capacity and the local buckling behavior. Test results compare well with FEA results. It is observed that under certain combinations of axial tension and internal pressure, pipes with D∕t=81.2 are able to attain their plastic moment resistances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".