Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of four segregates within <i>Cladonia arbuscula</i> s.l.This paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flotow sensu lato is a widespread species complex traditionally divided among several subspecies on the basis of thallus morphology and secondary chemistry. Here we examine the evolutionary relationships of four of these segregates, C. arbuscula subsp. beringiana Ahti, C. arbuscula subsp. squarrosa (Wallr.) Burgaz, C. mitis Sandst., and an unnamed subspecies (referred to as C. arbuscula subsp. squarrosa PD– strain) in an attempt to link them to specific genotypes. The internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and the β-tubulin genes were sequenced for phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. In addition, the ITS2 RNA region was folded and changes were applied to the evolutionary hypothesis. We conclude that morphological differentiation within C. arbuscula s.l. is largely independent of variation in ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences, notwithstanding the distinct albeit incomplete clade formed by C. mitis. Compensatory base changes in the ITS2 RNA secondary structure could not support reproductive isolation. It is recommended that C. mitis be recognized at the subspecific rank as C. arbuscula subsp. mitis , and that subsp. squarrosa be included in subsp. beringiana . The apparent lack of correlation in C. arbuscula between genetic variability in the mycobiont and observed morphological variation in the thallus is intriguing, and requires explanation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".