Reproductive behaviour of spadefoot toads (<i>Pelobates fuscus</i>): daily sex ratios and males' tactics, ages, and physical condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In anuran competition over mates, disadvantaged (i.e., less competitive) males are generally known to be the smallest ones, but ages of those males have rarely been documented. In the context of a high level of male competition for mates, disadvantaged males were expected to use alternative mating tactics. To test for alternative tactics in a territorial toad (the spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus, Pelobatidae), daily breeding migration patterns were observed during 3 consecutive years. Relationships between migration pattern, operational sex ratio (OSR), and male's age (inferred from skeletochronological analysis), size, and mass were analysed. During 2 of the study years, OSRs were highly male-biased at the beginning of the breeding season and then gradually decreased when male numbers increased. Males with a low body condition index (CI) tend to arrive later and to lose relatively more mass than males with a higher CI. There was a negative relationship between percent mass loss per day and CI as well as length of stay in the breeding area, which suggests that a high energetic cost tactic was adopted by males with a higher CI. A negative relationship between length of stay and age was also observed. We conclude that based on competition for mates, male P. fuscus seem to adopt reproductive behaviour that differs according to body condition and age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".