Effects of low molecular weight compounds in coal on the characteristics of its spontaneous combustion
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low molecular weight compounds (LMWCs) account for 10–23 % of total coal mass. However, their role in coal's spontaneous combustion has not been well understood. In this paper, we first experimentally tested the effects of LMWCs on coal's oxygen consumption as well as heat release and transfer, and analyzed the components of LMWCs in coal, then we measured the oxidation characteristics of main active groups of LMWCs using model compounds method and last presented the mechanisms of LMWCs affecting coal spontaneous combustion. Raw coal with low metamorphic grade had greater oxygen consumption rate and the heat release intensity than the extracted residual coal, while the extracted residual coal of anthracite coal at the higher temperature had higher oxygen consumption rate and the heat release intensity than the raw coal. LMWCs could increase coal's thermal conductivity, lower coal's specific heat capacity, and shorten coal's self‐igniting period. Extraction of LMWCs could increase total pore volume and specific surface area of low rank coals. The extracted LMWCs had far greater, even one hundred more times higher, oxygen consumption rates than raw coal. Taken together, LMWCs could significantly promote the spontaneous combustion of low rank coal. Addition of substances that could dissolve LMWCs or inhibit their oxidation during water or cement injecting can significantly prevent spontaneous combustion of LMWCs‐rich coal mines.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it