Differences in the pattern of X-linked gene expression between fetal bovine muscle and fibroblast cultures derived from the same muscle biopsies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sex determination system in mammals creates an imbalance between males and females in the number of X chromosomes. This imbalance is compensated through transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female diploid cells by epigenetic modifications. Although common for mammals, X inactivation shows marked species-specific differences in mechanisms and end results, and provides a unique opportunity to study epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The aim of the present study was to establish the expression pattern of selected X-linked genes in bovine fetal muscle tissue and muscle fibroblast cultures in order to follow possible modifications at the transcriptional level attributable to in vitro culture. We used heterologous cDNA microarray hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR to study the pattern of expression of X-linked genes including SLC25A6, GAB3, MECP2, RPS4X, JARID1C, UBE1, BIRC4 and SLC16A2. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis in fetal bovine muscle showed higher transcript levels in females for all X-linked genes tested with the exception of SLC25A6, with differences being significant for RPS4X, JARID1C and UBE1. The expression in fibroblast cultures derived from the same samples differed, with significantly higher levels for UBE1, GAB3 and BIRC4, while the rest of the panel of X-linked genes remained unchanged. The changed expression pattern in vitro, probably reflecting modifications in the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate transcriptional activity and gene silencing in X inactivation, has important implications for the advancement of new biotechnologies such as somatic cell nuclear transfer and stem cell therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".