Effects of Repeated Treadmill Walks on Lower Limb Antagonist Muscle Co-activation in Cerebral Palsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To ensure that results from a treadmill walking protocol do not simply reflect learning, subjects must be habituated to walking on a treadmill. PURPOSE: To determine, for children and adolescents with mild cerebral palsy (CP), if: i) lower limb antagonist muscle co-activation during treadmill walking is affected by repeated walking bouts on different days, and ii) the effects of repeated walking bouts vary according to walking speed, co-activation site (thigh or lower leg) or lower limb dominance. METHODS: Following 12–15 minutes of treadmill walking practice during an introductory visit, 3 girls and 5 boys (11.9 ± 2.5 y) with mild spastic CP (n=5 diplegic CP, n=3 hemiplegic CP) walked on a treadmill for 3 minutes at three different speeds; 60, 75, and 90% of their previously determined fastest treadmill walking speed (FWS), on three different days. Electromyographic (EMG) activity for antagonist muscles at the thigh (quadriceps and hamstrings) and at the lower leg (tibialis anterior and triceps surae), bilaterally, was collected for the entire 3 minutes of each walk. Antagonist muscle co-activation at the thigh and lower leg was subsequently quantified using a co-activation measure (CM, where 100 = peak EMG activity). RESULTS: Repeated treadmill walks on different days did not affect the CM at any site, or at any speed. Independent of day, speed, and lower limb dominance, the thigh CM was on average 20% higher (P = 0.02) than the lower leg CM. There was also a trend (P = 0.06) for co-activation to be on average 16% higher for the non-dominant compared to the dominant leg, independent of the day, speed or site. Between-day reliability of the CM was high (intraclass correlation coefficient, R = .99). Variability (co-efficient of variation) of the CM was greatest for the dominant thigh (13.8%) and least for the non-DOM thigh (9.2%). CONCLUSIONS: An initial treadmill walking practice session of 12–15 minutes may be sufficient for obtaining stable and reliable between-day lower limb CM values. Stability of CM with this walking practice protocol is further suggested by the similarity of the present inter-site and inter-dominance patterns, across days and across speeds, to previous findings which used the same treadmill walking practise protocol, for one speed (90% FWS), on one day.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".