Internal waves generated from a turbulent mixed region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using two nonintrusive visualization methods, laboratory experiments are performed to examine the internal wave field underlying a turbulent region generated by a vertically oscillating grid. The first method uses dye-lines to mark the vertical motions of isopycnal layers and the second uses “synthetic schlieren” to visualize the entire wave field. In a range of experiments, the strength of the stratification is varied so that the buoyancy frequency N=0.33–1.40 s−1. In all cases, large tank-scale standing wave modes are established which last throughout the experiment. The amplitudes of the isopycnal lines, Aξ, follow a power law relation Aξ∼N−1.5. The synthetic schlieren technique allows us to visualize turbulent eddy-scale waves and to isolate the properties of the strongest downward propagating waves at the base of the turbulent layer. These waves have a surprisingly narrow range of frequencies and vertical wavenumbers. The angles of wave propagation from the vertical for the dominant waves lie in the range Θ=42°–55°. The amplitudes in the wave field follow a relation Aξ∼N−1.68. These waves are of large amplitude: their vertical displacement is from 2% to 4% of their horizontal wavelength, a significant fraction of the breaking amplitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".