Are Cognitive and Olfactory Dysfunctions in Neuropsychiatric Lupus Erythematosus Dependent on Anxiety or Depression?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Depressed mood and cognitive impairments are common findings in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and frequently coexist. We assessed the neuropsychological functioning of patients with SLE and investigated its association with psychopathological symptoms. METHODS: A total of 85 patients with SLE (28 with neuropsychiatric syndromes: NPSLE) and 85 healthy control subjects with similar demographic characteristics were asked to perform a series of neuropsychological tests. A self-report questionnaire (the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) was used to screen for psychopathology symptoms. Patients with SLE underwent a neurological examination. RESULTS: Patients with NPSLE were more depressed and were more frequently impaired in cognitive and olfactory functions than controls or non-NPSLE patients. The NPSLE group remained statistically different from the other 2 groups on a series of neuropsychological measures (the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test - Part A, Nine-Hole Peg Test, and Brief Smell Identification Test) even after control for elevated anxiety and depressed mood. Non-NPSLE and control groups were not significantly different regarding either psychopathological symptoms or neuropsychological functioning. CONCLUSION: Verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and olfaction are particularly vulnerable to dysfunction in NPSLE; impairment in these neuropsychological domains is not completely explained by psychopathology symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".