Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Salt Effects on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Film Morphology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The morphology of multilayer films formed from polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride and polystyrene sulfonic acid deposited under a range of salt concentrations (from 10 - 4 to 1.0 M) was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ten-bilayer films that were deposited with less than 0.3 M added NaCl were flat and featureless, with similar characteristics to the underlying silica substrate. When formed at and above this salt concentration, a vermiculate morphology was observed. Thickness and roughness measurements were also carried out using the AFM and were found to increase with the concentration of added salt. The evolution of the vermiculate pattern was investigated by AFM studies of each layer that is deposited under high salt concentration (1.0 M NaCl). The first three bilayers were featureless and had a thickness of ∼6 nm/bilayer. A change in morphology was observed by the fourth bilayer, and the average thickness had increased to ∼46 nm/bilayer. These results may be explained in terms of a transition from an extended conformation to a more compact form that polyelectrolytes undergo as a function of the ionic strength of a solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".