Spliced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Is Reverse Transcribed into cDNA within Infected Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Both the full-length and spliced RNA species of HIV-1 possess the necessary cis-acting elements including the primer binding site (PBS), the polypurine tract (PPT), as well as the 5' R and 3' R regions that are needed for their conversion to double-stranded cDNA through reverse transcription. Since measurable amounts of spliced viral RNA molecules can be detected within virus particles, we have examined the potential for reverse transcription of such virion-associated spliced viral RNA upon infection of permissive cells. Analysis of viral cDNA species by PCR and DNA sequencing not only led to the identification of viral DNA molecules that were reverse transcribed from full-length viral RNA, but also DNA molecules that displayed the same nucleotide sequences as those found in spliced viral RNA, except that the former harbored the complete long terminal repeats (LTR), a feature that distinguishes proviral DNA from viral genomic RNA. Further studies revealed various types of cDNA species that resemble the spliced viral RNA encoding each of the env, tat, rev, or nef genes, of which the nef cDNA represents the majority. Therefore, spliced HIV-1 RNA molecules must have been reverse transcribed along with full-length viral RNA during infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".