Development of a DNA Macroarray for Detection and Monitoring of Economically Important Apple Diseases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Short DNA gene sequences (oligonucleotides) from the ribosomal spacer regions of bacterial and fungal pathogens were used to identify and monitor economically important apple diseases. The oligonucleotides or probes were attached to a nylon membrane by an amine modified linker arm and arranged in a precise pattern to form an array for detecting five pathogens corresponding to five apple diseases. Initially the specificity of the probes was determined by hybridizing pure cultures of the pathogens to the probes. The DNA array correctly identified Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Podosphaera leucotricha, Venturia inaequalis, and Erwinia amylovora and eliminated closely related species. When the array was used to monitor V. inaequalis ascospores collected from spore traps located in orchards, it confirmed the presence of ascospores as predicted by the disease forecasting model. Preliminary tests to quantify P. leucotricha populations using grayscale values was effective to 20 conidia per leaf disk. The DNA array is a promising new detection system for accurate identification of several pathogens in a single test with the potential for being a new tool for epidemiological studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".