Ground Displacements from a Pipe-Bursting Experiment in Well-Graded Sand and Gravel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pipe bursting is a construction technique that involves the replacement of an existing buried pipe with potentially much less surface disturbance than traditional cut and cover construction. However, excessive ground movements associated with pipe-bursting operations may lead to damage to surrounding infrastructure. A static pipe-bursting experiment was performed in sand and gravel within an 8-m-long, 8-m-wide, and 3-m-deep test pit to quantify the ground displacements from pipe bursting. An existing unreinforced concrete pipe buried 1.385 m below the ground surface was replaced with a high-density polyethylene pipe. Pulling force and the three-dimensional nature of surface displacements associated with pipe bursting are examined. The 4-m wide surface response had a peak vertical displacement of 6 mm. In addition, transverse displacements of 1.2 mm resulted in the formation of a tension crack in the ground above the concrete pipe. This experiment offers data that improves the understanding of the mechanisms of ground disturbance, and provides unique experimental data for calibration of numerical models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".