Ground Displacements from a Pipe-Bursting Experiment in Well-Graded Sand and Gravel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pipe bursting is a construction technique that involves the replacement of an existing buried pipe with potentially much less surface disturbance than traditional cut and cover construction. However, excessive ground movements associated with pipe-bursting operations may lead to damage to surrounding infrastructure. A static pipe-bursting experiment was performed in sand and gravel within an 8-m-long, 8-m-wide, and 3-m-deep test pit to quantify the ground displacements from pipe bursting. An existing unreinforced concrete pipe buried 1.385 m below the ground surface was replaced with a high-density polyethylene pipe. Pulling force and the three-dimensional nature of surface displacements associated with pipe bursting are examined. The 4-m wide surface response had a peak vertical displacement of 6 mm. In addition, transverse displacements of 1.2 mm resulted in the formation of a tension crack in the ground above the concrete pipe. This experiment offers data that improves the understanding of the mechanisms of ground disturbance, and provides unique experimental data for calibration of numerical models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".