Instabilities in an Internal Solitary-like Wave on the Oregon Shelf
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Observations of internal solitary-like waves (ISWs) on the Oregon Shelf suggest the presence of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the pycnocline and larger-scale overturns at the back of the wave above the pycnocline. Numerical simulations designed to explore the mechanisms responsible for these features in one particular wave reveal that shear instabilities occur when (i) the minimum Richardson number Ri in the pycnocline is less than about 0.1; (ii) Lx/λ > 0.8, where Lx is the length of the unstable region with Ri < 0.25 and λ is a half wavelength of the wave; and (iii) a linear spatial stability analysis predicts that ln(af/ai) >≈ 4, where ai and af are the amplitudes of perturbations entering and leaving the unstable region. The maximum energy loss rate in our simulations is 50 W m−1, occurring at a frequency 8% below that with the maximum spatial growth rate. The observations revealed the presence of anomalously light fluid in the center of the wave above the pycnocline. Simulations of a wave encountering a patch of light surface water were used to model this effect. In the presence of a background current with near-surface shear, the simulated ISW has a trapped surface core. As this wave encounters a patch of lighter surface water, the light surface water at first passes beneath the core. Convective instabilities set in and the light fluid is entrained into the core. This results in the formation of overturning features, which exhibit some similarities with the observed overturns.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it