Differential Gene Expression in Atlantic Salmon Infected with <i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasitic copepod that can cause serious disease outbreaks in salmonids. Previous work has shown that Atlantic salmon Salmo salar show very little, if any, tissue response to infection, whereas less-susceptible host species exhibit strong inflammatory responses. The objective of this study was to examine whether a low-level L. salmonis infection in the absence of a stress response would have an effect on expression of Atlantic salmon immune-related genes over time. The effects of low-level infection (approximately 8–11 lice/fish) on kidney tissue and head kidney leukocyte immune-related gene expression were studied at two postinfection time points. At this level of infection, there was no evidence of a cortisol stress response. By use of real-time polymerase chain reaction, constitutive expression of the major histocompatibility (MH) class I gene was shown to be 2–10-fold lower in infected Atlantic salmon head kidneys by 21 d postinfection (dpi) than in head kidneys of uninfected fish held under the same conditions. Conversely, by 14 and 21 dpi, constitutive MH class II expression was significantly increased (&gt;10-fold) in infected fish. Constitutive expression of interleukin (IL) 1β also increased threefold in head kidneys of infected fish by 21 dpi; however, no differences were observed in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression over the course of the infection. Adherent head kidney leukocytes from control Atlantic salmon showed an increase in MH class I and COX-2 expression after 3 h of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for all three time points collected. The use of LPS stimulation on similar leukocytes from infected fish did not further increase levels of MH class I and COX-2 expression. This is the first report on host gene expression during an ectoparasitic copepod infection. The implications of these expression changes will be discussed with respect to the host–parasite relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".