Experimental technique for direct observation of onset of reaction in shocked powder mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new experimental technique was developed to directly observe the onset of shock initiation in powder mixtures contained in recovery capsules over time scales ranging from hundreds of nanoseconds to at least hundreds of milliseconds. Simultaneously with a thermocouple embedded in the test mixture to monitor bulk temperature changes, a photomultiplier tube detected light emissions produced by the reacting sample. A window/optic fiber system was developed that remained intact and did not move during the experiment. A polycarbonate window was placed into a steel recovery capsule, which was held solidly in place in a steel anvil designed to protect the fiber optic and to prevent motion of the window. Samples of as-blended 5Ti+3Si powders and ball-milled mixtures 5Ti+3Si were tested in this setup. In all experiments, a weak light emission peak was observed upon shock passage followed by much more intense light beginning a few milliseconds to a few hundreds of milliseconds later. The intense light emissions occurred at approximately the same time as a bulk temperature increase measured with the thermocouple. These results suggest that only a very small fraction of the sample was initiated by the shock.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".