Liberal governance and the making of hierarchies:<i>Oberlehrer</i>in Munich’s elementary schools (1871–1918)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Kingdom of Bavaria, the capital city, Munich, created in 1873 positions as Oberlehrer – a head teacher in primary schools (Volksschulen) responsible for one school for boys and one school for girls. The mere existence of these male Oberlehrer challenged for the first time the exclusive power of Catholic and Lutheran clerics in the supervision of elementary schools. The article follows the establishment and transformations of this group of educational administrators until the final replacement of clerics in the government of primary schools in 1919. The increasing authority and influence of this group can be interpreted from the perspective of the inherent ambivalences of ‘liberal governance’ in education. This concept meant to govern education ‘from within’ – through the specialised knowledge on methods and pedagogy – and not ‘from outside’ – like the clerics did. Whereas expert knowledge on methods suggested a kind of direct linking to the teachers, the same expert knowledge helped the Oberlehrer to build up new hierarchies in the government of primary education.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".