Development of Isotherm Polymer/Surfactant Adsorption Models in Chemical Flooding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The injection of chemical solutions plays an important role in increasing the recovery factor of mature fields. For many reservoirs, polymer or surfactant flooding is an attractive alternative to conventional waterflooding; it can improve the area swept efficiency not only in the macro scale but also in the micro scale. Adsorption of polymer/surfactant on reservoir rock is an extremely important parameter for chemical flooding. Adsorption represents a loss of a chemical agent from solution, and consequently, a net reduction in the surfactant-polymer slug. Therefore, the efficiency of chemical flooding will be significantly diminished not only in technical aspects but also in terms of economics. However, adsorption is usually measured in laboratory scale with high uncertainties, and numerical simulation of multi-component adsorption is still limited. The adsorption process in a polymer/rock system has not yet been well developed, especially for highly heterogeneous reservoirs. In this paper, the polymer and surfactant adsorption processes are modeled by the Langmuir isotherm theory for various chemical flooding approaches including polymer, surfactant, micellar polymer and alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding. The simulation results indicate that polymer adsorption strongly depends on the polymer concentration, shear rate, pH, salt concentration, and reservoir heterogeneity. An effective controlling of such parameters can reduce the effect of polymer adsorption so that it helps minimize mass of chemical loss and improve economic efficiency of the chemical flooding process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".