Rhodopsin is spatially heterogeneously distributed in rod outer segment disk membranes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The visual photoreception takes place in the retina, where specialized rod and cone photoreceptor cells are located. The rod outer segments contain a stack of 500-2,000 sealed membrane disks. Rhodopsin is the visual pigment located in rod outer segment disks, it is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, an important group of membrane proteins responsible for the majority of physiological responses to stimuli such as light, hormones, peptides, etc. Alongside rhodopsin, peripherin/Rom proteins located in the disk rims are thought to be responsible for disk morphology. Here we describe the supramolecular structure of rod outer segment disk membranes and the spatial organization of rhodopsin and peripherin/Rom molecules. Using atomic force microscopy operated in physiological buffer solution, we found that rhodopsin is loosely packed in the central region of the disks, in average about 26 000 molecules covering approximately one third of the disk surface. Peripherin/Rom proteins form dense assemblies in the rim region. A protein-free lipid bilayer girdle separates the rhodopsin and peripherin/Rom domains. The described supramolecular assembly of rhodospin, peripherin/Rom and lipids in native rod outer segment disks is consistent with the functional requirements of photoreception.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it