Coal Reverse Flotation. Part I. Adsorption of Dodecyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide and Humic Acids onto Coal and Silica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adsorption of dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) and humic acids (HA) on bituminous, oxidized bituminous, and subbituminous coals, as well as on silica, was studied through direct adsorption, electrokinetic, and contact angle measurements. It was concluded that the adsorption of DTAB and HA on a hydrophobic coal surface takes place through hydrophobic interactions between the hydrocarbon chains of these compounds and the hydrophobic coal surface. The adsorbed DTAB molecules cause a gradual decrease of coal hydrophobicity due to their tail-to-surface orientation. The adsorption density of DTAB on a hydrophilic/oxidized coal is much higher than on a bituminous coal. The results indicate that the adsorption mechanism involves some strong interactions between the cationic head group of the surfactant and the negatively charged oxygen groups on the coal surface. Despite the apparent head-to-surface orientation, the adsorbed DTAB molecules do not render the surfaces hydrophobic; this probably results from the fairly chaotic orientation of DTAB molecules on the surface of oxidized coal. The well-ordered conformation of the DTAB ions adsorbed onto the negatively charged silica surface, combined with significant adsorption of this surfactant at the solution/air interface makes the silica surface very hydrophobic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".