Biosorption Studies of Methylene Blue by Mediterranean Algae Carolina and Its Chemically Modified Forms. Linear and Nonlinear Models' Prediction Based on Statistical Error Calculation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biosorption experiments were carried out for the removal of the cationic dye Methylene Blue from its aqueous solution by the brown algae Carolina which is widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea at Lebanese coast. Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin, Elovich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were also investigated. The results showed that the experimental adsorption data were well represented by the Langmuir model for the linear regression analysis and both Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models for the non-linear regression analysis. The maximum adsorption capacity qmax based on Langmuir is 55 mg/g at 19 oc. This confirms the monolayer coverage of Methylene Blue dye onto energetically homogenous Carolina surface. Negative values of Gibbs free energy revealed that adsorption process is spontaneous.Carolina algae was chemically modified by treatment with NaOH, CaCl2 or formaldehyde. The biosorption of Methylene Blue was enhanced with the process of cross linking using formaldehyde with qmax of 64 mg/g. The results of isothermal study using modified algae also showed that the experimental adsorption data is well fitted into Langmuir model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".