Re‐Establishment of the Atomic Composition and the Oxide Structure of Contaminated Titanium Surfaces by Means of Carbon Dioxide Laser and Hydrogen Peroxide: An In Vitro Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In clinical situations with peri-implant bone resorption, re-integration of the exposed implant surface is sometimes preferable, which requires a clean surface. Previous investigations have shown that cleaning of contaminated titanium surfaces using chemical and abrasive methods is difficult. PURPOSE: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of different combinations of chemical and physical methods (citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and carbon dioxide [CO2] laser irradiation) for removal of contaminants and subsequent reconstruction of the surface oxide of intraorally contaminated titanium foils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Commercially pure titanium foils (99.6%, 5 x 5 mm in size) were contaminated by placement on dentures in volunteering patients, simulating a peri-implantitis situation. The contaminated foils and clean control foils were treated by seven and six combinations of citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and CO2 laser irradiation, respectively. The effect of the cleaning procedures was evaluated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The initial elemental composition of the contaminated foils was 70% carbon (C), 20% oxygen (O), 10% nitrogen (N), and only traces of titanium (Ti) (< 1%). One treatment proved to be more effective than the others: irradiations by 5-second cycles of superpulsed CO2 laser at a power of 7 W, 10-millisecond pulse width, and with an 80-Hz frequency on a wet surface, followed by repeated application of supersaturated citric acid for 30 seconds, each time followed by rinsing with ultrapure water until all tissue remnants had been removed. Finally, hydrogen peroxide of 10-mM concentration was added to the implant surface and evaporated by CO2 laser at the same settings. This treatment protocol resulted in 10% Ti, 45% O, 41% C, and 2 to 3% N, a composition comparable to that of unused foils: 9% Ti, 40% O, 48% C, and traces of N and chlorine (CI). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy profiles showed that the thickness of the surface oxide was restored and even augmented with this protocol for treatment of contaminated titanium. CONCLUSION: A combination of citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and CO2 laser irradiation seems to be effective for cleaning and reestablishment of the atomic composition and oxide structure of contaminated titanium surfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".