Impact of pirimiphos-methyl and cold temperatures on arthropod populations in stored wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The insecticide pirimiphos-methyl applied at a mean concentration of 6.4 mg a.i. kg 1 to 5t of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a farm granary in southern Manitoba remained active over 24 mo. Most insects and mites in the treated grain could not survive except a psocid, Liposcelis sp., and the mites Tarsonemus granarius and Aeroglyphus robustus, and their populations were sharply reduced relative to those in a bulk of untreated wheat. Insecticide residues at a 1-m depth decreased ca. 52% in 12 mo from 8.1 mg kg-1 to 4.0 mg kg-1, then remained constant until 24 mo. Grain moisture content (MC) at this depth was consistently higher (over 14% MC) than at the top of the wheat bulk where residues remained near 4.5 mg kg-1 over 24 mo. Grain temperatures fluctuated from summer maxima near 23°C to winter minima near -40°C at the bulk surface. Bioassay of treated wheat with adult Tribolium castaneum after 24 mo of storage resulted in about 80% mortality. Populations of T castaneum or Rhyzopertha dominica introduced into 5 t of untreated wheat did not become established; small populations of Cryptolestes ferrugineus were established but were eliminated by winter cold. Populations of Liposcelis sp. and the mites A. robustus, T. granarius, Blattisocius keegani and Cheyletus eruditus were highest in late summer and autumn. Seed germination and microflora were not directly affected by pirimiphos-methyl. The slow rate of degradation of this insecticide in grain would prevent communities of arthropods from developing to the same extent as in an untreated stored-wheat ecosystem over 24 mo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".