Thymidine Kinase 1: A Universal Marker for Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is traditionally a serum biomarker which is elevated in the early stages of malignancies. TK1 is a DNA repair enzyme which is typically associated with proliferation. In serum, TK1 is elevated in a stage-like manner and increases as the disease advances. As a well-characterized serum biomarker, relatively little work has been done to establish it as a tumor biomarker. However, tumor TK1 reflects many of the same trends that can be seen with serum TK1. Specifically, tumor TK1 is an early event in tumor progression and increases with grade and stage. This study seeks to demonstrate that, similar to serum TK1, tumor TK1 is a valuable indicator of malignancy in the most common types of cancer in men. In this study we used a highly specific monoclonal antibody to TK1 to histologically stain 10 different types of carcinoma tissue and corresponding normal tissue. We found that TK1 is a good marker for malignancy and is significantly overexpressed in cancers compared to normal controls in lung, colon, prostate, esophagus, stomach, liver, and kidney tissues. Slight differences were found in the staining pattern among various types of lung cancer although virtually all types showed significantly higher TK1 staining compared to normal tissue. Additionally, TK1 expression in prostate carcinoma was significantly higher than from normal tissue, and correlated with an increase in stage. Overall, it is clear that TK1 is a valuable cancer marker in a wide variety of solid tumors and may be considered a universal cancer marker.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".