Differential short‐ and long‐term effects of an invertebrate predator on zooplankton communities in invaded and native lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim Forecasting the effects of invasive species remains difficult, because short‐term effects may be transitory and theories of long‐term effects are poorly developed and rarely tested. Here, we compare zooplankton communities from freshwater lakes in N orway and C anada that differ in their duration of exposure to the invertebrate predator B ythotrephes longimanus , to aid in predicting its potential long‐term impacts on C anadian zooplankton communities. Location Freshwater lakes in C anada and N orway. Methods We compared differences in zooplankton community structure, richness and occurrence between lakes with and without B ythotrephes in C anada and N orway using univariate and multivariate analyses of the incidence of crustacean zooplankton species. Results Correspondence analysis confirmed that zooplankton community composition differed dramatically in lakes with and without B ythotrephes in C anada but not in N orway. The short‐term exposure of C anadian lakes to B ythotrephes led to lower zooplankton diversity, particularly for cladoceran species, whereas in N orway, a greater diversity of zooplankton, particularly for copepod species, occurred in lakes where B ythotrephes has been present for long periods. Significantly more species in N orway demonstrated an increase in their frequency of occurrence, while significantly more species in C anada demonstrated a decrease, in lakes containing B ythotrephes . Main conclusions Bythotrephes can modify zooplankton community structure, diversity, and spatial occurrence across a watershed in a short period (i.e. a few decades) after invasion; however, some species appear to adapt to the presence of B ythotrephes over time. We hypothesize the long‐term effects of higher diversity in N orwegian lakes is attributed to altered interspecific community interactions, coupled with behavioural adaptations to avoid B ythotrephes predation, enabling the remaining species to increase their populations in space and time. If C anadian communities adapt similarly, the long‐term effects of B ythotrephes invasion in C anada may thus be less severe than those observed in the first few decades of the invasion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".