Immobilization of Phospholipase A<sub>1</sub> and its Application in Soybean Oil Degumming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Phospholipase A 1 (PLA 1 ), or Lecitase ® Ultra, was immobilized on three different supports, calcium alginate (CA), calcium alginate‐chitosan (CAC), and calcium alginate‐gelatin (CAG), and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The results indicated that PLA 1 –CA retained 56.2% of the enzyme's initial activity, whereas PLA 1 –CAC and PLA 1 –CAG retained 65.5 and 60.2%, respectively. Compared with free PLA 1 , the optimal pH of immobilized PLA 1 shifted to the basic side by 0.5–1.0 pH units and the pH/activity profile range was considerably broadened. Similarly, the temperature‐optima of PLA 1 –CAC and PLA 1 –CAG increased from 50 to 60 °C, and their thermal stability increased with relative activities of more than 90% that covered a wider temperature range spanning 50–65 °C. In a batch oil degumming process, the final residual phosphorus content was reduced to less than 10 mg/kg with free PLA 1 , PLA 1 –CAC and PLA 1 –CA in less than 5, 6 and 8 h respectively while PLA 1 –CAG was only able to reduce it to 15 mg/kg in 10 h. When the PLA 1 –CAC was applied in a plant degumming trial, the final residual phosphorus content was reduced to 9.7 mg/kg with 99.1% recovery of soybean oil. The recoveries of immobilized PLA 1 –CAC and activity of PLA 1 were 80.2 and 78.2% respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that PLA 1 –CAC was the best immobilized enzyme complex for the continuous hydrolysis of phospholipids in crude vegetable oils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".