Caffeine Exposure in Children and Adolescents Consuming Ready-to-Drink Coffee Products
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Caffeine may cause adverse effects in children, and Health Canada recommends a maximum daily caffeine intake of 2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg bw) for children under 12 years. Although coffee beverages, especially ready-to-drink (RTD) types, have become increasingly popular, a lack of data was noted regarding their contribution to caffeine exposure in children and adolescents. Methods: Caffeine was analyzed in a sample of 82 coffee beverages using HPLC. The selection of RTD samples was representative for Germany. The intake of coffee beverages by children and adolescents between the age groups 10 and 18 was estimated using data from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study. In the study period of 2004–2010, the intake of 381 adolescents (186 male, 195 female) with a total of 1295 three-day dietary records were assessed. Results: The caffeine content of RTD coffee products varied between 0.03 and 1.78 g/L (average 0.38 g/L). The average coffee intake of consumers was 96, 127, and 182 g/day (boys) and 178, 142, and 176 g/day (girls) in the age groups 10–12, 13–15, and 16–18, respectively, but proportions of consumers in the total sample were low. Several exposure scenarios were evaluated leading to caffeine intakes per age group of 0.4–1.9 mg/kg bw/day (boys average), 1.1–4.9 mg/kg bw/day (boys worst case), 0.6–2.1 mg/kg bw/day (girls average), and 2.0–5.2 mg/kg bw/day (girls worst case), some of which exceeded the Health Canada maximum intake level. Conclusions: Coffee consumption, especially in the age group 10–12, may lead to exposures above the currently suggested threshold of concern. Improved consumer information or package labeling may be advisable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".