An examination of synaptic proteins following chronic haloperidol in a rat model of tardive dyskinesia.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late-onset side effect mainly affecting the orofacial region of patients treated chronically with classic antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol (HAL). The causes of TD remain unknown. We hypothesized that faulty synaptic re-organization might be related to TD-like syndromes and used the vacuous chewing movements (VCM) model in rats to investigate the expression of four synaptic proteins, synaptophysin, syntaxin, spinophilin and PSD-95, in brains of HAL-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 14 weeks with either haloperidol decanoate (21 mg/kg once every 3 weeks, I.M) or vehicle and VCMs were monitored on a weekly basis. As expected, VCMs developed reliably and were consistently more pronounced in some rats than in others. Using immunohistochemistry in anatomically preserved brain sections as well as Western Blot analyses of whole cells or synaptosomal fractions in striatal tissue, we found no significant effect of chronic HAL on levels of these proteins. Neither did we find significant differences in the levels of the four synaptic markers when comparing rats showing High vs. Low levels of VCMs. These results suggest that structural synaptic alterations (e.g. involving increased number of synapses) may not be the underlying mechanism of oral dyskinesias induced by chronic antipsychotic drug treatment. The possibility that functional neuroplastic changes occur remains to be investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".