Catalytic Conversion of Thiophene under Mild Conditions over a ZSM-5 Catalyst. A Kinetic Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Currently, refiners consider the post-treatment of FCC gasoline processes to be a viable and likely less costly path for meeting environmental regulations on sulfur. Several promising catalytic desulfurization post-treatment processes do not require hydrogen addition and use zeolites. This type of desulfurization leads to significant levels of coke, and as a result, it is being considered for implementation in twin fluid beds (reactor and regenerator) to maintain the catalyst activity. This study evaluates the conversion of thiophene on H-ZSM-5 zeolite in a silica matrix. Experiments were carried out in the CREC fluidized riser simulator under mild conditions using thiophene/ n -octane and thiophene/1-octene mixtures. The results show a high and selective thiophene conversion. It is speculated that thiophene conversion takes place via ring opening and alkylation to form H 2 S, aromatics, alkylthiophenes, benzothiophene, and coke. These observations are in agreement with previous thermodynamic analyses. On this basis, a reaction network and kinetic model are proposed. Numerical regression leads to kinetic parameters with narrow spans, suggesting that the proposed model satisfactorily simulate thiophene removal under the suggested gasoline post-treatment conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".