Reactive uptake of glyoxal by particulate matter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The uptake of gaseous glyoxal onto particulate matter has been studied in laboratory experiments under conditions relevant to the ambient atmosphere using an aerosol mass spectrometer. The growth rates and reactive uptake coefficients, γ, were derived by fitting a model of particle growth to the experimental data. Organic growth rates varied from 1.05 × 10−11 to 23.1 × 10−11 μg particle−1 min−1 in the presence of ∼5 ppb glyoxal. Uptake coefficients (γ) of glyoxal varied from 8.0 × 10−4 to 7.3 × 10−3 with a median γ = 2.9 × 10−3, observed for (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosols at 55% relative humidity. Increased γ values were related to increased particle acidity, indicating that acid catalysis played a role in the heterogeneous mechanism. Experiments conducted at very low relative humidity, with the potential to be highly acidic, resulted in very low reactive uptake. These uptake coefficients indicated that the heterogeneous loss of glyoxal in the atmosphere is at least as important as gas phase loss mechanisms, including photolysis and reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Glyoxal lifetime due to heterogeneous reactions under typical ambient conditions was estimated to be τhet = 5–287 min. In rural and remote areas the glyoxal uptake can lead to 5–257 ng m−3 of secondary organic aerosols in 8 hours, consistent with recent ambient measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".